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Growth hormone deficiency

MedGen UID:
82880
•Concept ID:
C0271561
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: GHD - Growth hormone deficiency; Growth hormone insufficiency; Somatotropin Deficiency
SNOMED CT: Growth hormone deficiency (397827003); GHD - Growth hormone deficiency (397827003); Growth hormone insufficiency (397827003)

Definition

Abnormally low levels of circulating somatotropin. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGrowth hormone deficiency

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis, Genetics, and Therapy of Short Stature in Children: A Growth Hormone Research Society International Perspective.
Collett-Solberg PF, Ambler G, Backeljauw PF, Bidlingmaier M, Biller BMK, Boguszewski MCS, Cheung PT, Choong CSY, Cohen LE, Cohen P, Dauber A, Deal CL, Gong C, Hasegawa Y, Hoffman AR, Hofman PL, Horikawa R, Jorge AAL, Juul A, Kamenický P, Khadilkar V, Kopchick JJ, Kriström B, Lopes MLA, Luo X, Miller BS, Misra M, Netchine I, Radovick S, Ranke MB, Rogol AD, Rosenfeld RG, Saenger P, Wit JM, Woelfle J
Horm Res Paediatr 2019;92(1):1-14. Epub 2019 Sep 12 doi: 10.1159/000502231. PMID: 31514194Free PMC Article
Diagnosis and management of pseudohypoparathyroidism and related disorders: first international Consensus Statement.
Mantovani G, Bastepe M, Monk D, de Sanctis L, Thiele S, Usardi A, Ahmed SF, Bufo R, Choplin T, De Filippo G, Devernois G, Eggermann T, Elli FM, Freson K, García Ramirez A, Germain-Lee EL, Groussin L, Hamdy N, Hanna P, Hiort O, Jüppner H, Kamenický P, Knight N, Kottler ML, Le Norcy E, Lecumberri B, Levine MA, Mäkitie O, Martin R, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Minagawa M, Murray P, Pereda A, Pignolo R, Rejnmark L, Rodado R, Rothenbuhler A, Saraff V, Shoemaker AH, Shore EM, Silve C, Turan S, Woods P, Zillikens MC, Perez de Nanclares G, Linglart A
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018 Aug;14(8):476-500. doi: 10.1038/s41574-018-0042-0. PMID: 29959430Free PMC Article
Guidelines for Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Treatment in Children and Adolescents: Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Deficiency.
Grimberg A, DiVall SA, Polychronakos C, Allen DB, Cohen LE, Quintos JB, Rossi WC, Feudtner C, Murad MH; Drug and Therapeutics Committee and Ethics Committee of the Pediatric Endocrine Society
Horm Res Paediatr 2016;86(6):361-397. Epub 2016 Nov 25 doi: 10.1159/000452150. PMID: 27884013

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Dyslipidaemia and growth hormone deficiency - A comprehensive review.
Hepprich M, Ebrahimi F, Christ E
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101821. Epub 2023 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101821. PMID: 37821339
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and adult growth hormone deficiency: An under-recognized association?
Takahashi Y
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101816. Epub 2023 Aug 16 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101816. PMID: 37643935
Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Somatrogon Compared with Once-Daily Somatropin (Genotropin®) in Japanese Children with Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency: Results from a Randomized Phase 3 Study.
Horikawa R, Tanaka T, Hasegawa Y, Yorifuji T, Ng D, Rosenfeld RG, Hoshino Y, Okayama A, Shima D, Gomez R, Pastrak A, Castellanos O
Horm Res Paediatr 2022;95(3):275-285. Epub 2022 Apr 13 doi: 10.1159/000524600. PMID: 35417909Free PMC Article
Approach to the Patient: Safety of Growth Hormone Replacement in Children and Adolescents.
Bamba V, Kanakatti Shankar R
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Feb 17;107(3):847-861. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab746. PMID: 34636896
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS AND PATIENTS TRANSITIONING FROM PEDIATRIC TO ADULT CARE.
Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, Carmichael JD, Jasim S, Pantalone KM, Hoffman AR
Endocr Pract 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-1232. doi: 10.4158/GL-2019-0405. PMID: 31760824

Diagnosis

Growth Hormone Stimulation Testing: To Test or Not to Test? That Is One of the Questions.
Yau M, Rapaport R
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:902364. Epub 2022 Jun 9 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.902364. PMID: 35757429Free PMC Article
Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in children.
Boguszewski MCS
Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021 Mar;22(1):101-108. Epub 2020 Oct 8 doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09604-2. PMID: 33029711
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS AND PATIENTS TRANSITIONING FROM PEDIATRIC TO ADULT CARE.
Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, Carmichael JD, Jasim S, Pantalone KM, Hoffman AR
Endocr Pract 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-1232. doi: 10.4158/GL-2019-0405. PMID: 31760824
Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in the paediatric and transitional age.
Chinoy A, Murray PG
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 Dec;30(6):737-747. Epub 2016 Nov 4 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.11.002. PMID: 27974187
Growth hormone and growth hormone deficiency--still a lot to learn.
Kiess W, Penke M, Pfäffle R, Körner A, Kratzsch J
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015 Sep;28(9-10):971-3. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0321. PMID: 26353173

Therapy

Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mameli C, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, Guadagni L, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G
Pharmacol Res 2023 Jul;193:106805. Epub 2023 May 24 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106805. PMID: 37236413
What do we do now that the long-acting growth hormone is here?
Miller BS
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:980979. Epub 2022 Aug 22 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.980979. PMID: 36072938Free PMC Article
Weekly Somapacitan is Effective and Well Tolerated in Children With GH Deficiency: The Randomized Phase 3 REAL4 Trial.
Miller BS, Blair JC, Rasmussen MH, Maniatis A, Kildemoes RJ, Mori J, Polak M, Bang RB, Böttcher V, Stagi S, Horikawa R
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Nov 25;107(12):3378-3388. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac513. PMID: 36062966Free PMC Article
Efficacy and Safety of Weekly Somatrogon vs Daily Somatropin in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Phase 3 Study.
Deal CL, Steelman J, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Stawerska R, Silverman LA, Phillip M, Kim HS, Ko C, Malievskiy O, Cara JF, Roland CL, Taylor CT, Valluri SR, Wajnrajch MP, Pastrak A, Miller BS
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Jun 16;107(7):e2717-e2728. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac220. PMID: 35405011Free PMC Article
Somatrogon: First Approval.
Lamb YN
Drugs 2022 Feb;82(2):227-234. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01663-2. PMID: 35041176

Prognosis

Epidemiology of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents: a systematic review.
Mameli C, Guadagni L, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G
Endocrine 2024 Jul;85(1):91-98. Epub 2024 Mar 18 doi: 10.1007/s12020-024-03778-4. PMID: 38498128Free PMC Article
Weekly Lonapegsomatropin in Treatment-Naïve Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: The Phase 3 heiGHt Trial.
Thornton PS, Maniatis AK, Aghajanova E, Chertok E, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Lin Z, Song W, Christoffersen ED, Breinholt VM, Kovalenko T, Giorgadze E, Korpal-Szczyrska M, Hofman PL, Karpf DB, Shu AD, Beckert M
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Oct 21;106(11):3184-3195. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab529. PMID: 34272849Free PMC Article
Effect of growth hormone treatment on children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), small for gestational age (SGA) and Turner syndrome (TS) in a tertiary care center.
Al Shaikh A, Daftardar H, Alghamdi AA, Jamjoom M, Awidah S, Ahmed ME, Soliman AT
Acta Biomed 2020 Mar 19;91(1):29-40. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9182. PMID: 32191651Free PMC Article
Once-weekly Somapacitan is Effective and Well Tolerated in Adults with GH Deficiency: A Randomized Phase 3 Trial.
Johannsson G, Gordon MB, Højby Rasmussen M, Håkonsson IH, Karges W, Sværke C, Tahara S, Takano K, Biller BMK
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Apr 1;105(4):e1358-76. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa049. PMID: 32022863Free PMC Article
Once-Weekly Somapacitan vs Daily GH in Children With GH Deficiency: Results From a Randomized Phase 2 Trial.
Sävendahl L, Battelino T, Brod M, Højby Rasmussen M, Horikawa R, Juul RV, Saenger P; REAL 3 study group
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Apr 1;105(4):e1847-61. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz310. PMID: 31917835Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Weekly Somapacitan in GH Deficiency: 4-Year Efficacy, Safety, and Treatment/Disease Burden Results From REAL 3.
Sävendahl L, Battelino T, Højby Rasmussen M, Brod M, Röhrich S, Saenger P, Horikawa R
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Sep 18;108(10):2569-2578. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad183. PMID: 36995872Free PMC Article
Bone quality in endocrine diseases: determinants and clinical relevance.
Cianferotti L, Cipriani C, Corbetta S, Corona G, Defeudis G, Lania AG, Messina C, Napoli N, Mazziotti G
J Endocrinol Invest 2023 Jul;46(7):1283-1304. Epub 2023 Mar 14 doi: 10.1007/s40618-023-02056-w. PMID: 36918505
Safety and Efficacy of Lonapegsomatropin in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: enliGHten Trial 2-Year Results.
Maniatis AK, Casella SJ, Nadgir UM, Hofman PL, Saenger P, Chertock ED, Aghajanova EM, Korpal-Szczyrska M, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Malievskiy O, Chaychenko T, Cappa M, Song W, Mao M, Mygind PH, Smith AR, Chessler SD, Komirenko AS, Beckert M, Shu AD, Thornton PS
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Jun 16;107(7):e2680-e2689. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac217. PMID: 35428884Free PMC Article
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Prepubertal Children: Predictive Markers of Cardiovascular Disease.
De Leonibus C, De Marco S, Stevens A, Clayton P, Chiarelli F, Mohn A
Horm Res Paediatr 2016;85(6):363-71. Epub 2016 Mar 10 doi: 10.1159/000444143. PMID: 26960169
Growth hormone and neurofibromatosis.
Howell SJ, Wilton P, Lindberg A, Shalet SM
Horm Res 2000;53 Suppl 1:70-6. doi: 10.1159/000053208. PMID: 10895046

Recent systematic reviews

Epidemiology of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents: a systematic review.
Mameli C, Guadagni L, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G
Endocrine 2024 Jul;85(1):91-98. Epub 2024 Mar 18 doi: 10.1007/s12020-024-03778-4. PMID: 38498128Free PMC Article
Effect of Growth Hormone Therapy on Pubertal Timing: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Olwi D, Day F, Ong K
Horm Res Paediatr 2024;97(1):1-10. Epub 2023 Apr 19 doi: 10.1159/000530578. PMID: 37075730
Targeted interventions and their effect on recovery in children, adolescents and adults who have sustained a sport-related concussion: a systematic review.
Schneider KJ, Critchley ML, Anderson V, Davis GA, Debert CT, Feddermann-Demont N, Gagnon I, Guskiewicz KM, Hayden KA, Herring S, Johnstone C, Makdissi M, Master CL, Moser RS, Patricios JS, Register-Mihalik JK, Ronksley PE, Silverberg ND, Yeates KO
Br J Sports Med 2023 Jun;57(12):771-779. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106685. PMID: 37316188
What tests and measures accurately diagnose persisting post-concussive symptoms in children, adolescents and adults following sport-related concussion? A systematic review.
Yeates KO, Räisänen AM, Premji Z, Debert CT, Frémont P, Hinds S, Smirl JD, Barlow K, Davis GA, Echemendia RJ, Feddermann-Demont N, Fuller C, Gagnon I, Giza CC, Iverson GL, Makdissi M, Schneider KJ
Br J Sports Med 2023 Jun;57(12):780-788. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106657. PMID: 37316186
Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mameli C, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, Guadagni L, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G
Pharmacol Res 2023 Jul;193:106805. Epub 2023 May 24 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106805. PMID: 37236413

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